Waa maxay cabbirka daloolka shaandhaynta birta la shiiday?

Shaandhooyinka birta ee la jeexjeexay: Xalka xun xun

Shaandhooyinka birta ah ee la jeexjeexay, oo ka kooban walxo bir ah oo la isku daray, ayaa ah qalab lagama maarmaan u ah warshado kala duwan. Qaab dhismeedkooda daloolsan ee gaarka ah, oo lagu garto daldaloolo isku xidhan, ayaa awood u siinaya inay si hufan u shaandheeyaan dareeraha iyo gaaska. Baaxadda dalooladan, oo inta badan lagu cabbiro microns, ayaa ah arrin muhiim ah oo lagu go'aaminayo waxqabadka shaandhada.

Halkan waxaan kula socon doonaa aduunka cabbirka daloolka ee filtarrada birta ah ee sintay. Waxaan sahamin doonaa sida cabbirka daloolka loo go'aamiyo, saamaynta ay ku leedahay hufnaanta sifaynta, iyo doorka ay ku leedahay hagaajinta xulashada shaandhada codsiyada gaarka ah.

Waa maxay shaandhaynta birta la shiiday?

A shaandhada birta ah ee sinteredwaa dhexdhexaadiye sifeyn gaar ah oo lagu farsameeyay habka wax soo saarka ee loo yaqaan sintering. Habkani waxa uu ku lug leeyahay isku-buufinta budada birta ah oo loo sameeyo qaab gaar ah ka dibna lagu kululeeyo heerkul sare - iyada oo aan la dhalaalin walxaha. Sida budada birta ahi ay kululaato, qaybuhu way isku xidhan yihiin, iyaga oo samaynaya qaab-dhismeed adag oo dalool leh taas oo ka dhigaysa filtarradan mid aad waxtar u leh inay ka soocaan walxaha dareeraha ama gaaska.

Habka Sintering

1.Diyaarinta budada: Marka hore, budada birta ah-sida caadiga ah waxaa laga sameeyaa maaddooyinka sida birta, bronze, ama alloys kale - si taxadar leh ayaa loo doortay oo loo cabbiraa iyadoo lagu saleynayo sifooyinka la rabo ee shaandhada.

2.Compaction: Budada birta ah ee la diyaariyey ayaa markaa lagu cadaadi doonaa qaab gaar ah, sida saxan, tuubo, ama saxan, si ay ugu habboonaato codsiga sifaynta loogu talagalay.

3.Is-kaashatada: Birta isku xidhan waxa lagu kululeeyaa deegaan la xakameeyey ilaa heerkul ka hooseeya barta dhalaalkeeda. Habka kuleylku wuxuu keenaa in qaybuhu ay isku darsamaan, taas oo keenta qaab adag oo weli daloola.

Faa'idooyinka Muhiimka ah ee Shaandhooyinka Birta Wasaxay

* Waarta:

Shaandhooyinka birta la shiiday waxay caan ku yihiin xooggooda iyo cimrigooda. Waxay u adkeysan karaan xaalado aad u daran, oo ay ku jiraan heerkul sare, cadaadis sare, iyo kiimikooyin dagaal leh, taasoo ka dhigaysa inay ku habboon yihiin codsiyada warshadaha adag.

* Iska caabinta daxalka:

Shaandhooyin badan oo bir ah oo sinteed ah ayaa laga sameeyay maaddooyinka sida birta aan la taaban karin, kuwaas oo aad ugu adkeysanaya daxalka, iyaga oo hubinaya waxqabadka muddada dheer xitaa meelaha adag.

* Dib loo isticmaali karo:

Shaandhooyinka birta ah ee la jeexjeexay ayaa badanaa loogu talagalay in la nadiifiyo oo dib loo isticmaalo marar badan, iyada oo bixisa kharash-ool ah iyo beddelka deegaanka saaxiibtinimo ee filtarrada la tuuri karo.

* Xakamaynta cabbirka daloolka saxda ah:

Habka sintering-ku wuxuu ogolaanayaa in si sax ah loo kantaroolo cabbirka daloolka shaandhada iyo qaab dhismeedka, taasoo awood u siinaysa xalal sifeyn gaar ah oo ku habboon codsiyo gaar ah.

* Heerarka socodka sare:

Sababo la xiriira qaab-dhismeedkooda fur-furan, filtarrada birta ah ee sintay waxay fududeeyaan heerarka socodka sare, taas oo ka caawinaysa dhimista dhibcaha cadaadiska iyo kor u qaadida guud ahaan waxtarka sifaynta.

* Iska caabinta heerkulka sare:

Shaandhooyinkan waxaa loogu talagalay in ay u adkeystaan ​​heerkulka sare iyaga oo aan lumin xooggooda farsamada ama waxtarka sifaynta, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon jawiga kuleylka sarreeya.

Fahamka Xajmiga daloolka ee sifaynta

Cabbirka daloolkaMarka la eego macnaha sifaynta waxaa loola jeedaa dhexroorka celceliska ee daldaloolada ama bannaannada dhex dhexaadiyaha shaandhada. Waa halbeeg muhiim ah oo go'aaminaya awoodda filtarku u leeyahay qabashada qaybo cabbir gaar ah leh.

Muhiimadda Cabbirka Daloolada

*Qodobka Qabashada:

Shaandheeyaha cabbirka daloolku ka yar yahay wuxuu qabsan karaa qaybo yaryar, halka shaandhada leh cabbirka daloolka weyni ay u oggolaanayso qaybo waaweyn inay dhex maraan.

* Waxtarka Sifeynta:

Cabbirka daloolka ayaa si toos ah u saameeya waxtarka sifaynta. Cabbirka daloolka yar wuxuu guud ahaan keenaa waxtar sare, laakiin sidoo kale waxay kordhin kartaa hoos u dhaca cadaadiska.

* Heerka socodka:

Cabbirka daloolka ayaa sidoo kale saameeya heerka socodka dareeraha ee shaandhada. Cabbirrada daldaloolada waaweyni waxay oggolaadaan heerarka socodka sare, laakiin waxay wax u dhimi karaan hufnaanta sifaynta.

Cabbirka Daloolada

Cabbirrada daloolka ee filtarrada birta jeexjeexan ayaa sida caadiga ah lagu cabbiraamicrons(µm) amamikromitir. Micron-ku waa hal milyan-th ee mitir. Iyadoo la xakameynayo habka sintering, soosaarayaashu waxay soo saari karaan filtarrada leh cabbirro ballaaran oo dalool ah, laga bilaabo dhowr microns ilaa boqolaal microns.

Cabbirka daloolka gaarka ah ee looga baahan yahay codsi gaar ah waxay ku xidhan tahay nooca wasakhaysan ee meesha laga saarayo iyo heerka la doonayo ee waxtarka sifaynta.

Sidee baa loo go'aamiyaa Cabirka daldaloolada ee Shaandhooyinka birta ah ee la shiiday?

Thecabbirka daloolkashaandhada birta la jeexjeexay ayaa ugu horrayn waxaa saameeya dhowr arrimood:

*Abuurka Alaabta:Nooca budada birta ah ee la isticmaalo iyo qaybinteeda cabbirkeeda waxay si weyn u saamaysaa cabbirka daloolka ugu dambeeya.

* Heerkulka Keena:Heerkulka sintering sare guud ahaan waxay keenaysaa in cabbirada dalool yar yar sida qaybaha biraha si adag u xidhmaan.

*Waqtiga Wada-tashiga:Waqtiyada sinjiga dheer waxay sidoo kale keeni karaan cabbirro dalool oo yaryar.

*Cadaadiska Culayska:Cadaadiska la isticmaalo inta lagu jiro isugeynta wuxuu saameeyaa cufnaanta budada birta ah, taas oo markaa saameynaysa xajmiga daloolka.

Cabbirka Daloolada Caadiga ah

Shaandhooyinka birta ah ee la jeexjeexay waxaa lagu soo saari karaa cabbirro ballaaran oo dalool ah, oo caadi ahaan u dhexeeya dhowr mikron ilaa boqolaal microns. Cabbirka daloolka gaarka ah ee loo baahan yahay wuxuu ku xiran yahay codsiga.

Tijaabinta iyo Cabbirka Daloolada

Habab dhowr ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo go'aamiyo qaybinta cabbirka daloolka ee filtarrada birta ah ee sintay:

1. Tijaabada Joogteynta Hawada:

Habkani waxa uu cabbiraa heerka socodka hawada iyada oo loo marayo shaandhada marka cadaadis gaar ah la saaro. Marka la falanqeeyo heerka socodka, celceliska cabbirka daloolka ayaa la qiyaasi karaa.

2. Tijaabada socodka dareeraha:

Si la mid ah tijaabada xajinta hawada, habkani waxa uu cabbiraa heerka socodka dareeraha ee shaandhada.

3.Mikroskoob:

Farsamooyinka sida iskaanka mikroskoobyada elektarooniga ah (SEM) ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in si toos ah loo eego qaab dhismeedka daldaloolada oo lagu cabbiro cabbirrada daloolada shaqsiga ah.

4.Tijaabada Barta Xumbo:

Habkani waxa uu ku lug leeyahay si tartiib tartiib ah u kordhinta cadaadiska dareeraha guud ahaan shaandhada ilaa ay xumbo ka samaysanto. Cadaadiska ay goobooyinku ka muuqdaan waxay la xidhiidhaan cabbirka daloolka ugu yar.

Adigoo si taxadar leh u xakameynaya habka sintering iyo isticmaalka hababka tijaabada ku haboon, soosaarayaashu waxay soo saari karaan filtarrada birta ah ee sintered leh oo leh cabbirka daloolka saxda ah si ay u buuxiyaan shuruudaha sifeynta gaarka ah.

Heerarka Cabbirka Daloolada caadiga ah ee Shaandhooyinka Birta Daloola

Shaandhooyinka birta ah ee la jeexjeexay ayaa lagu heli karaa tiro balaadhan oo ah cabbirro dalool ah, mid kasta oo ku habboon codsiyo gaar ah. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee cabbirka daloolka caadiga ah iyo isticmaalkooda caadiga ah:

*1-5µm:

Cabbirradan daloolada yaryar waxay ku habboon yihiin sifaynta saxda ah ee saxda ah, sida sifaynta bakteeriyada, fayrasyada, iyo qaybaha kale ee yar yar. Waxaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa warshadaha dawooyinka, caafimaadka, iyo warshadaha semiconductor.

* 5-10 µm:

Kala duwanaantani waxay ku habboon tahay sifaynta heerka dhexdhexaadka ah, ka saarida walxaha sida boodhka, manka, iyo wasakhowga kale ee hawada. Inta badan waxaa loo adeegsadaa nidaamyada sifaynta hawada, matoorada marawaxadaha gaaska, iyo nidaamyada hawo-biyoodka.

* 10-50 µm:

Cabbirradaan daloolada dhuuban waxaa loo isticmaalaa sifeynta aan fiicneyn, ka saarida walxaha waaweyn sida wasakh, ciid, iyo jajabyada birta ah. Waxaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa hababka warshadaha, sida sifaynta saliidda iyo daaweynta biyaha.

*50µm iyo ka badan:

Cabbirrada daloolka aadka u daran ayaa loo isticmaalaa sifeynta ka hor, ka saarida qashinka waaweyn ka hor inta aysan dhaawicin filtarrada hoose. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa codsiyada warshadaha si loo ilaaliyo bambooyinka iyo mashiinnada.

Saxnaanta Sare vs. Shaandhaynta aan dhab ahayn

* Sifeynta Saxda Sare:

Tani waxay ku lug leedahay isticmaalka filtarrada leh cabbirada daloolka aadka u fiican si looga saaro walxaha aadka u yaryar. Waxay muhiim u tahay warshadaha ay nadiifinta alaabada iyo nadaafadduba muhimka yihiin, sida dawooyinka, elektiroonigga, iyo bayotechnoolajiyada.

* Sifeynta Ba'an:

Tani waxay ku lug leedahay isticmaalka filtarrada leh cabbirrada daloolka weyn si meesha looga saaro walxaha waaweyn. Waxaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa hababka warshadaha si loo ilaaliyo qalabka loona hagaajiyo waxtarka nidaamka guud.

Markaad fahamto kala duwanaanta cabbirka daloolada kala duwan iyo codsiyadooda, waxaad dooran kartaa shaandhada birta ah ee ku habboon si loo daboolo baahiyahaaga sifaynta gaarka ah.

Muhiimadda ay leedahay doorashada cabbirka daloolka saxda ah

Waxaad si sax ah u qabsatay qodobbada muhiimka ah ee ku saabsan xulashada cabbirka daloolka ee filtarrada birta ah ee sintay.

Si loo sii wanaajiyo fahamka mawduucan, tixgeli ku darista qodobadan dheeraadka ah:

1. Tixgelinta Gaarka ah ee Codsiga:

*Qaybinta Cabbirka Qaybta:

Qaybinta cabbirka qaybaha la sifeynayo waa in la falanqeeyaa si loo go'aamiyo cabbirka daloolka ku habboon.

* Viscosity dareeraha:

Viscosity ee dareeraha waxay saameyn kartaa heerka socodka shaandhada, taasoo saameynaysa doorashada cabbirka daloolka.

*Xaaladaha hawlgalka:

Qodobbada sida heerkulka, cadaadiska, iyo deegaanka daxalka ayaa saameyn ku yeelan kara waxqabadka shaandhada iyo doorashada alaabta.

2. Shaandhayso Xulashada Warbaahinta:

* Waafaqsanaanta Qalabka:

Walxaha shaandheynta waa in ay la jaanqaadaan dareeraha la sifeynayo si looga fogaado daxalka ama falcelinta kiimikada.

* Qoto dheer:

Shaandhooyinka qoto dheer ee leh lakabyo badan oo warbaahin shaandhayn ah ayaa bixin kara hufnaanta sifaynta sare, gaar ahaan ka saarista qayb yar.

3. Sifeeye Nadiifinta iyo Dayactirka:

*Qaabka nadiifinta:

Doorashada habka nadiifinta (tusaale, dib-u-dhaqidda, nadiifinta kiimikada) waxay saamayn kartaa cimriga shaandhada iyo waxqabadka.

* Beddelka shaandhaynta:

Beddelka shaandhada joogtada ah ayaa lama huraan u ah si loo ilaaliyo waxqabadka shaandhaynta ee ugu fiican loogana hortago burburka nidaamka.

Iyagoo si taxadar leh u tixgelinaya arrimahan, injineeradu waxay dooran karaan shaandhada birta sinteed ee ugu habboon codsigooda gaarka ah, iyagoo hubinaya si hufan oo la isku halleyn karo.

Codsiyada Shaandhooyinka Birta Dabiiciga ah oo ku salaysan Cabirka daloolka

Shaandhooyinka birta ah ee la jeexjeexay waxay ka helaan codsiyo baahsan oo ku baahsan warshado kala duwan, iyadoo cabbirka daloolka uu yahay arrin muhiim ah oo lagu go'aaminayo ku habboonaantooda. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah codsiyada muhiimka ah:

Codsiyada Warshadaha

Habaynta Kiimikada:

1 sifeynta wanaagsan:Loo isticmaalo in laga saaro wasakhda iyo kicinta hababka kiimikada.

2 sifeynta aan fiicnayn:Loo isticmaalo si looga ilaaliyo bambooyin iyo valves qashinka.

Cuntada iyo Cabbitaannada:

1 sifaynta cabitaanka:Loo isticmaalo in laga saaro walxaha iyo noolaha yaryar ee biirka, khamriga, iyo cabitaannada kale.

2 Habaynta cuntada:Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sifeeyo saliidaha, sharoobada, iyo waxyaabaha kale ee cuntada.

Sifeynta Daawooyinka:

1 sifeynta wasakhaysan:Loo isticmaalo in laga saaro bakteeriyada iyo wasakhowga kale ee alaabta dawooyinka.

2 sifeynta:Loo isticmaalo in laga saaro walxaha iyo wasakhda xalalka daroogada.

Codsiyada baabuurta iyo hawada hawada

* Sifeynta Shidaalka:

Sifeynta wanaagsan:Loo isticmaalo in meesha laga saaro wasakhooyinka waxyeelayn kara cirbadaha shidaalka iyo matoorada.

Sifeynta aan fiicnayn:Loo isticmaalo si looga ilaaliyo bambooyinka shidaalka iyo taangiyada qashinka.

* Sifeynta Saliidda:

Sifeynta saliida matoorka:Loo isticmaalo in meesha laga saaro wasakhaysan oo yarayn kara waxqabadka matoorka iyo cimriga.

Sifeynta saliidda Haydarooliga:Loo isticmaalo si looga ilaaliyo hababka hydraulic dhogorta iyo jeexjeexa.

* Codsiyada hawada sare:

Sifeynta dareeraha iyo shidaalka:

Loo isticmaalo si loo hubiyo isku halaynta nidaamyada muhiimka ah ee diyaaradaha iyo hawada sare.

Sifeynta Biyaha iyo Gaaska

* Sifeynta Biyaha:

Sifeynta hore:Loo isticmaalo in laga saaro qaybo waaweyn iyo haraaga ilaha biyaha.

Sifeynta wanaagsan:Loo isticmaalo in lagu tirtiro adkaha la hakiyey, bakteeriyada, iyo wasakhooyinka kale.

*Sifeega Gaaska:

Sifaynta hawada:Loo isticmaalo in laga saaro boodhka, manka, iyo walxaha kale ee hawadu qaado.

Nadiifinta gaasta:Loo isticmaalo in laga saaro wasakhda gaaska warshadaha.

Xulashada cabbirka daloolka Codsiyada oo dhan

Doorashada cabbirka daloolka shaandhada birta ah ee sintay aad ayay u kala duwan tahay iyadoo lagu saleynayo codsiga. Qaar ka mid ah arrimaha muhiimka ah ee saameeya doorashada cabbirka daloolka waxaa ka mid ah:

*Cabbirka wasakhaysan iyo nooca:Baaxadda iyo dabeecadda qaybaha la saarayo ayaa go'aaminaya cabbirka daloolka loo baahan yahay.

* Viscosity dareeraha:Viscosity ee dareeraha waxay saameyn kartaa heerka socodka shaandhada, taasoo saameynaysa doorashada cabbirka daloolka.

*Heerka socodka la rabo:Cabbirka daloolka weyn wuxuu u oggolaanayaa heerarka socodka sare, laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa inay wax u dhinto waxtarka sifaynta.

* Cadaadiska hoos u dhaca:Xajmiga daloolka yar wuxuu kordhin karaa hoos u dhaca cadaadiska shaandhada, taas oo saameyn karta waxtarka nidaamka iyo isticmaalka tamarta.

Iyagoo si taxadar leh u tixgelinaya arrimahan, injineeradu waxay dooran karaan cabbirka daloolka ugu fiican ee codsi la bixiyay, iyagoo hubinaya sifeyn hufan oo la isku halayn karo.

Faa'iidooyinka Isticmaalka Shaandheeyayaasha Birta Daloola oo leh Cabirrada Daloolada Gaarka ah

Shaandhooyinka birta la shiiday waxay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin badan, gaar ahaan marka cabbirka daloolka si taxadar leh loo doorto:

* Waarta iyo Cimrigu:

Shaandhooyinka birta la shiiday aad bay u adkeysanayaan waxayna u adkeysan karaan xaaladaha adag ee shaqada, oo ay ku jiraan heerkulka sare, cadaadiska, iyo bay'adaha daxalka.

* Iska caabin sare oo kulaylka iyo daxalka:

Shaandhooyin badan oo bir ah oo sinteed ah ayaa laga sameeyay agabyo ay ka mid yihiin birta aan birta lahayn iyo alloysyada nikkel, kuwaas oo muujiya iska caabin heer sare ah oo kulaylka iyo daxalka ah.

*Nadiifinta iyo Dayactirka Fudud:

Shaandhooyinka birta ah ee la jeexjeexay si fudud ayaa loo nadiifin karaa oo dib loo isticmaali karaa, taasoo yaraynaysa kharashaadka hawlgalka.

*Xasilloonida Hoos Yimaada Xaaladaha Hawleed ee Adag:

Shaandhooyinkani waxay ilaalin karaan daacadnimadooda qaabdhismeed iyo wax qabadkooda sifaynta marka ay jiraan xaalado aad u daran, sida heerkul sare iyo cadaadis.

*U-habaynta Baahiyaha Shaandhaynta Gaarka ah:

Iyada oo la xakameynayo habka sintering, soosaarayaashu waxay soo saari karaan filtarrada leh cabbirro ballaaran oo dalool ah, taas oo awood u siinaysa habeynta shuruudaha sifeynta gaarka ah.

Caqabadaha Xulashada Cabbirka Daloolada Saxda ah

Iyadoo filtarrada birta ah ee sinteed ay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin badan, waxaa jira caqabado la xiriira xulashada cabbirka daloolka saxda ah:

*Suurtogal ah in la xiro ama wax lagu jebiyo:

Haddii cabbirka daloolku uu aad u yar yahay, filtarka ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ku xidhmo qaybo, hoos u dhigaya heerka socodka iyo waxtarka sifaynta.

* Isku-dheellitirka Waxqabadka Qiimaha iyo Cimriga:

Xulashada filtar leh cabbir dalool aad u fiican ayaa wanaajin kara hufnaanta sifaynta laakiin waxa ay kordhin kartaa hoos u dhaca cadaadiska oo ay yarayso heerka socodka. Waa lagama maarmaan in la isku dheelitiro arrimahan si kor loogu qaado waxqabadka loona yareeyo kharashyada.

* Xulashada agabka:

Doorashada walxaha birta ah ee la jeexjeexay waxay si weyn u saameyn kartaa waxqabadka filtarka, qiimaha, iyo adkeysiga Birta aan lahayni waa doorasho caan ah oo loogu talagalay iska caabbinta daxalka iyo xoogga, laakiin agabyada kale sida naxaasta iyo alloysyada nikkel ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku habboon yihiin codsiyada gaarka ah.

Gabagabo

Baaxadda daloolka shaandheynta birta la jeexjeexay ayaa ah arrin muhiim ah oo go'aamisa waxqabadkeeda sifaynta.

Fahamka xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya cabbirka daloolka, heerka socodka, iyo hoos u dhaca cadaadiska, injineerada

waxay dooran karaan shaandhada ugu fiican codsigooda gaarka ah.

Iyadoo filtarrada birta ah ee sinteed ay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin badan, waa in tixgelin taxaddar leh la siiyaa

arrimo ay ka mid yihiin cabbirka daloolka, xulashada alaabta, iyo xaaladaha shaqada.

Haddii aadan hubin cabbirka daloolka ugu fiican ee codsigaaga, waxaa lagu talinayaa inaad la tashato

khubarada sifaynta kuwaas oo bixin kara hagitaan iyo talooyin.

FAQs

Q1: Waa maxay cabbirka daloolka ugu yar ee laga heli karo filtarrada birta ah ee sintay?

Shaandhooyin bir ah oo la jeexjeexay ayaa lagu soo saari karaa cabbirro dalool ah oo yar sida dhowr microns.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cabbirka daloolka ugu yar ee la gaari karo waxay ku xiran tahay budada birta ah ee gaarka ah iyo habka qallafsanaanta.

Q2: filtarrada biraha sintered ma loo habeyn karaa cabbirrada daldaloolada gaarka ah?

Haa, filtarrada biraha la jeexjeexay waxaa loo habayn karaa cabbirro dalool gaar ah iyadoo la xakameynayo habka sinterinta,

sida heerkulka, waqtiga, iyo cadaadiska.

Q3: Sidee buu cabbirka daloolku u saameeyaa hoos u dhaca cadaadiska ee nidaamka sifaynta?

Cabbirrada daldaloolada yaryar waxay horseedaan hoos u dhac ku yimaada cadaadiska sare ee shaandhada.

Tani waa sababta oo ah daloolada yaryar ayaa xaddidaya qulqulka dareeraha, oo u baahan cadaadis badan si ay ugu qasbaan dareeraha shaandhada.

Q4: filtarrada biraha sintered ma loo isticmaali karaa codsiyada heerkulka sare?

Haa, filtarrada birta la shiiday ee laga sameeyay walxaha kulaylka sareeyo sida birta aan-ka-soo-baxa lahayn iyo daawaha nikkel

waxaa loo isticmaali karaa codsiyada heerkulka sare.

Xadka heerkulka gaarka ah wuxuu ku xiran yahay walxaha shaandhada iyo xaaladaha shaqada.

Haddii aad sidoo kale hayso su'aal ku saabsan cabbirka daloolkashaandhada birta ah ee sintered, ama aad jeceshahay shaandhaynta birta cabbirka daloolka gaarka ah ee OEM ama walxaha loogu talagalay

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